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商業銀行不良貸款成因英文文獻

發布時間: 2021-12-07 12:13:35

1. 大家幫我翻譯下,請整句翻譯,是論文的,無限感激

Abstract:
內容摘要
We know that the world exists in all commercial banks non-performing loans,
which of course includes Citibank, HSBC Bank and other advanced world.
我們知道,世界上的所有商業銀行都存在不良貸款,這當然包括花旗銀行、匯豐銀行等世界先進銀行。
Non-performing loans by banks operating money and credit in this particular financial institution has some of the inevitable consequences.
不良貸款是銀行這個經營貨幣信用的特殊金融機構在經營中必然有的後果。China's state-owned commercial banks non-performing loans, reform of the banking system has become an important factor,
我國國有商業銀行的不良貸款問題,已成為影響銀行體系改革的一個重要因素,
accession to the WTO, the high rate of non-performing loans of state-owned banks as of equal competition with the West Bank of the heavy burden,
入世後,居高不下的不良貸款率成為影響我國國有銀行與西方銀行平等競爭的沉重包袱,
but also affect the state-owned banks and the International integration of a "bottleneck."
也是影響國有銀行和國際接軌的一個「瓶頸」。
This paper focuses on non-performing loans of state-owned commercial banks, the causes and preventive measures put forward some superficial view.
本文集中對國有商業銀行不良貸款的成因和防範措施提出了一些粗淺看法。
Key words: commercial banks, non-performing loans, causes, prevention,
關鍵詞:商業銀行、不良貸款、成因、防範

2. 商業銀行不良資產成因

我國國有商業銀行不良資產形成原因分析

1.外部原因

(1)國有企業預算約束的軟化。首先,在企業登記注冊開始就存在預算約束軟化的問題。長期以來國家創辦企業沒有資本金注入或注入嚴重的不足。而且大多數國有企業缺乏資本金補償機制,隨著企業的發展,資本金比重越來越低。在我國實行不同項目差別利率的條件下,那些取得國家重點項目的國有企業就可以得到國家優惠貸款,使預算約束軟化。而這些國有企業又以重點項目為名拖延、抵賴和逃廢銀行貸款,銀行也沒有辦法。其次,在經營過程中國有企業受到各個方面的干預,無法成為獨立的法人,從而使得預算約束軟化。主要表現為產權主體缺位、企業承擔的社會保障責任過多、受到的政府幹預過大和過多地負擔了體制轉軌時期的改革成本。

(2)企業資本充足率嚴重不足。銀企之間有千絲萬縷的聯系,不良資產的債權人國有銀行和債務人國有企業都是「國有」的。國家可以指令國有銀行延期收款或追加貸款,致使效益不好的企業債務越滾越大。這時的企業主要靠信貸資金運營,這就在事實上造成了企業資本金的嚴重不足,同時造成國有銀行的信貸資金長期沉澱,從而形成大量的不良資產。

(3)金融監管不力。由於監管體制缺陷和經驗不足等原因,在相當長的一段時間內,中國人民銀行側重於金融機構的發展和金融市場的培育,而在金融監管方面的力度則不夠。成立不久的銀行業監督管理委員會也存在著只注重合規性的監管,不注重風險監管的傾向。

(4)法律制度的不健全。法律制度的不健全也是不良資產形成的重要原因。它主要體現在:法律不健全,使得作為社會經濟活動重要組成部分的銀行業務活動缺乏必要的法律依據:「宜粗不宜細」的立法指導思想,使得已有的法律規定無法具體實施;銀行與企業間的大量業務活動依照政策辦事,而政策與法律相矛盾,損害了法律的權威,為不良資產的形成埋下伏筆。

2.內部原因

(1)國有商業銀行在經營管理上認識不足。長期以來商業銀行沒有樹立起風險和效益意識,沒有把銀行看作自負盈虧的實體。對已經形成的不良資產認識不足,對一些負債累累的國有企業仍然給予貸款支持。對於某些企業利用改制、改組等機會逃廢銀行債務,沒有依法保護自己的權益,有效地阻止不良資產的發生。

(2)國有商業銀行的貸款管理制度不健全。國有商業銀行信貸經營管理體制不盡合理,資金與規模脫節,信貸人員素質低,不利於風險防範。國有商業銀行的管理體制中缺乏一套有效的風險預警系統,短期貸款的長期化,增加了銀行貸款回收的風險。

(3)信貸投向缺乏科學定位國有商業銀行在選擇貸款客戶方面缺乏細致的市場調研,信貸投向缺乏前瞻性、主動性,導致一方面對市場前景好、業績優良、守信用企業的投放力度不夠,影響銀行的經營效益。另一方面又給業績不良、沒有發展前景的企業注入了資金,最終無法收回而形成不良資產。

(4)審貸分離不徹底。貸款的發放部門與評審部門在分工上是各有側重的,既互相協作,又相互制約。貸款發放部門主要是拓展客戶並對項目進行初評;審查部門則對貸款進行後續評審決策。但長期以來,銀行審貸合一,缺乏必要的內部制約機制。在審貸合一的情況下,政府指令授信使得執行暢通無阻,人情貸款,工作失誤與偏差屢見不鮮,極易造成銀行不良貸款。

(5)國有商業銀行沒有成為真正的獨立法人。缺乏真正的經營自主權,在貸款問題上不能自主,在地方政府行政干預下造成大量貸款死滯。

3.體制原因

(1)體制改革對不良資產形成的影響。體制的問題沒有得到根本的解決。二十多年的改革進程使得收入向個人傾斜,但是我國資本市場仍然欠發達,企業所需資金難以靠直接融資來取得,這樣就形成了一批幾乎完全靠貸款創辦和經營的國有企業,而絕大多數企業經營業績欠佳,從而造成銀行的不良資產。

(2)國有企業過低的固定資產折舊率對不良資產形成的影響。國有企業固定資產折舊率偏低,而且多數企業還未足額提取,這些過低的固定資產折舊率還被國家以各種形式全部或部分收繳,成為政府預算。自「撥改貸」以後,企業要擴大再生產只好靠向銀行借款來實現,隨著國有企業在「七五」、「八五」期間的大規模改造,多數企業變成了高負債經營,這就增加了其歸還貸款的難度,從而加劇了國有商業銀行不良資產的形成。

4.制度原因

政府部門違背經濟規律,直接干預銀行和國有企業的經營活動,這些正式的和非正式的經濟制度,對於銀行不良資產的產生和積累起到了推波助瀾的作用。國家政策的變動加大了投資的風險,經濟體制改革不到位,經濟運行忽冷忽熱,投資決策隨意性大,投資結構難以改善,投資效益低下,最終導致銀行資產的損失。

3. 急求一篇關於"銀行信用風險管理"的外文文獻

這個能用嗎?也是文獻呢
Interim Measures on Information Disclosure of Commercial Banks

Order No.6 of the People's Bank of China
May 15, 2002

Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1 These rules are formulated on the basis of "Law on the People's bank of China of the People's Republic of China" and "Commercial Banking Law of the People's Bank of China", which aim to strengthen market discipline of commercial banks, standardize information disclosure of commercial banks, effectively safeguard legitimate interests of depositors and other stakeholders and promote safe, sound and efficient operation of commercial banks.
Article 2 These rules are to be applied to commercial banks that are established legally within the territory of the People's Republic of China, including domestic commercial banks, wholly foreign funded banks, joint venture banks and branches of foreign banks.
Article 3 Commercial banks should disclose information according to these rules, which are the minimum requirements for commercial banks' information disclosure. While abiding by these rules, commercial banks can disclose more information than what has been required by these rules at their own discretion.
In addition to these rules, listed commercial banks should also conform to relevant information disclosure rules published by regulatory body of the securities instry.
Article 4 Information disclosure of commercial banks should be proceeded consistent with laws and regulations, the uniform domestic accounting rules and relevant rules of the PBC.
Article 5 Commercial banks should disclose information in a standardized fashion, while ensuring authenticity, accuracy, integrity and comparability.
Article 6 Annual financial statements disclosed by commercial banks should be subject to auditing by accounting firms that are certified to be engaged in finance-related auditing.
Article 7 The People's Bank of China is to supervise commercial banks' information disclosure according to relevant laws and regulations.

Chapter II Information to be Disclosed
Article 8 Commercial banks should disclose financial statements, and information on risk management, corporate governance and big events of the year according to these rules.
Article 9 Commercial banks' financial statements should include accounting report, annex and notes to this report and description of financial position.
Article 10 Accounting report disclosed by commercial banks should include balance sheet, statement of income (profit and loss account), statement of owner's equity and other additional charts.
Article 11 Commercial banks should indicate inconsistence between the basis of preparation and the basic preconditions of accounting in their notes to the accounting report.
Article 12 Commercial banks should explain in their notes to the accounting report the important policy of accounting and accounting estimates, including: Accounting standards, accounting year, reporting currency, accounting basis and valuation principles; Type and scope of loans; Accounting rules for investment; Scope and method of provisions against asset losses; Principle and method of income recognition; Valuation method for financial derivatives; Conversion method for foreign currency business and accounting report; Preparation method for consolidated accounting report; Valuation and depreciation method for fixed assets; Valuation method and amortization policy for intangible assets; Amortization policy for long-term deferred expenses; Accounting practice for income tax.
Article 13 Commercial banks should indicate in their notes to the accounting report crucial changes of accounting policy and estimates, contingent items and post-balance sheet items, transfer and sale of important assets.
Article 14 Commercial banks should indicate in their annex and notes to the accounting report the total volume of related party transactions and major related party transactions. Major related party transactions refer to those with trading volume exceeding 30 million yuan or 1% of total net assets of the commercial bank.
Article 15 Commercial banks should indicate in their notes to the accounting report detailed breakdown of key categories in the accounting report, including:
(1) Due from banks by the breakdown of domestic and overseas markets.
(2) Interbank lending by the breakdown of domestic and overseas markets.
(3) Outstanding balance of loans at the beginning and the end of the accounting year by the breakdown of credibility loans, committed loans, collateralized loans and pledged loans.
(4) Non-performing loans at the beginning and end of the accounting year resulted from the risk-based loan classification.
(5) Provisions for loan losses at the beginning and the end of the accounting year, new provisions, returned provisions and write-offs in the accounting year. General provisions, specific provisions and special provisions should be disclosed separately.
(6) Outstanding balance and changes of interest receivables.
(7) Investment at the beginning and the end of the accounting year by instruments.
(8) Interbank borrowing in domestic and overseas markets.
(9) Calculation, outstanding balance and changes of interest payables.
(10) Year-end outstanding balance and other details of off-balance sheet categories, including bank acceptance bills, external guarantees, letters of guarantee for financing purposes, letters of guarantee for non-financing purposes, loan commitments, letters of credit (spot), letters of credit (forward), financial futures, financial options, etc.
(11) Other key categories.
Article 16 Commercial banks should disclose in their notes to the accounting report status of capital adequacy, including total value of risk assets, amount and structure of net capital, core capital adequacy ratio and capital adequacy ratio.
Article 17 Commercial banks should disclose auditing report provided by the appointed accounting firms.
Article 18 Description of financial position should cover the general performance of the bank, generation and distribution of profit and other events that have substantial impact on financial position and performance of the bank.
Article 19 Commercial banks should disclose following risks and risk management details:
(1) Credit risk. Commercial banks should disclose status of credit risk management, credit exposure, credit quality and earnings, including business operations that generate credit risks, policy of credit risk management and control, organizational structure and division of labor in credit risk management, procere and methods of classification of asset risks, distribution and concentration of credit risks, maturity analysis of over-e loans, restructuring of loans and return of assets.
(2) Liquidity risk. Commercial banks should disclose relevant parameters that can represent their status of liquidity, analyze factors affecting liquidity and indicate their strategy of liquidity management.
(3) Market risk. Commercial banks should disclose risks brought by changes of interest rates and exchange rate on the market, analyzing impacts of such changes on profitability and financial positions of the bank and indicating their strategy of market risk management.
(4) Operation risk. Commercial banks should disclose risks brought by flaws and mistakes of internal proceres, staff and system or by external shocks and indicate the integrity, rationality and effectiveness of their internal control mechanism.
(5) Other risks. Other risks that may bring severe negative impact to the bank.
Article 20 Commercial banks should disclose following information on corporate governance:
(1) Shareholders' meeting ring the year.
(2) Members of the board of directors and its work performance.
(3) Members of the board of supervisors and its work performance.
(4) Members of the senior management and their profiles.
(5) Layout of branches and function departments.
Article 21 Chronicle of events disclosed by commercial banks in the year should at least include the following contents:
(1) Names of the ten biggest shareholders and changes ring the year.
(2) Increase or decrease of registered capital, splitting up and merger.
(3) Other important information that is necessary for the general public to know.
Article 22 Information of foreign bank branches is to be collected and disclosed by the primary reporting branch.
Foreign bank branches don't need to disclose information that is only mandated and required for disclosure by institutions with legal person status.
Foreign bank branches should translate into Chinese and disclose the summary of information disclosed by their head offices.
Article 23 Commercial banks need not disclose information of unimportant categories. However, if the omission or misreporting of certain categories or information may change or affect the assessment or judge of the information users, commercial banks should regarded the categories as key information categories and disclose them.

Chapter III Management of Information Disclosure
Article 24 Commercial banks should prepare in Chinese their annual reports with all the information to be disclosed and publish them within 4 month after the end of each accounting year. If they are not able to disclose such information on time e to special factors, they should apply to the People's Bank of China for delay of disclosure at least 15 days in advance.
Article 25 Commercial banks should submit their annual reports to the People's Bank of China prior to disclosure.
Article 26 Commercial banks should make sure that their shareholders and stakeholders could obtain the annual reports on a timely basis.
Commercial banks should put their annual reports in their major operation venue, so as to ensure such reports are readily available for the general public to read and check. The PBC encourage commercial banks to disclose main contents of their annual reports to the public through media.
Article 27 Boards of directors in commercial banks are responsible for the information disclosure. If there is no board of directors in the bank, the president (head) of the bank should assume such a responsibility.
Boards of directors and presidents (heads) of commercial banks should ensure the authenticity, accuracy and integrity of the disclosed information and take legal responsibility for their commitments.
Article 28 Commercial banks and their involved staff that provide financial statements with false information or concealing important facts should be punished according to the " Rules on Punishment of Financial Irregularities".
Accounting firms and involved staff that provide false auditing report should be punished according to the "Interim Measures on Finance-related Auditing Business by Accounting Firms".

Chapter IV Supplementary Provisions
Article 29 Commercial banks with total assets below RMB 1 billion or with total deposits below RMB 500 million are exempted from the compulsory information disclosure. However, the People's Bank of China encourages such commercial banks to disclose information according to these rules.
Article 30 The People's Bank of China is responsible for the interpretation of these rules.
Article 31 These rules shall enter into force as of the date of promulgation and are to be applied to all commercial banks except city commercial banks.
City commercial banks should adopt these rules graally from January 1, 2003 to January 1, 2006.

中國人民銀行令[2002]第6號
2002年5月15日

第一章 總 則
第一條 為加強商業銀行的市場約束,規范商業銀行的信息披露行為,有效維護存款人和相關利益人的合法權益,促進商業銀行安全、穩健、高效運行,依據《中華人民共和國中國人民銀行法》、《中華人民共和國商業銀行法》等法律法規,制定本辦法。
第二條 本辦法適用於在中華人民共和國境內依法設立的商業銀行,包括中資商業銀行、外資獨資銀行、中外合資銀行、外國銀行分行。
第三條 商業銀行應按照本辦法規定披露信息。本辦法規定為商業銀行信息披露的最低要求。商業銀行可在遵守本辦法規定基礎上自行決定披露更多信息。
上市商業銀行除應遵守本辦法規定披露信息外,還應遵守證券監督管理機關有關信息披露的規定。
第四條 商業銀行披露信息應當遵守法律法規、國家統一的會計制度和中國人民銀行的有關規定。
第五條 商業銀行應遵循真實性、准確性、完整性和可比性的原則,規范地披露信息。
第六條 商業銀行披露的年度財務會計報告須經獲准從事金融相關審計業務的會計師事務所審計。
第七條 中國人民銀行根據有關法律法規對商業銀行的信息披露進行監督。

第二章 信息披露的內容
第八條 商業銀行應按照本辦法規定披露財務會計報告、各類風險管理狀況、公司治理、年度重大事項等信息。
第九條 商業銀行財務會計報告由會計報表、會計報表附註和財務情況說明書組成。
第十條 商業銀行披露的會計報表應包括資產負債表、利潤表(損益表)、所有者權益變動表及其他有關附表。
第十一條 商業銀行應在會計報表附註中說明會計報表編制基礎不符合會計核算基本前提的情況。
第十二條 商業銀行應在會計報表附註中說明本行的重要會計政策和會計估計,包括:會計報表編制所依據的會計准則、會計年度、記賬本位幣、記賬基礎和計價原則;貸款的種類和范圍;投資核算方法;計提各項資產減值准備的范圍和方法;收入確認原則和方法;衍生金融工具的計價方法;外幣業務和報表折算方法;合並會計報表的編制方法;固定資產計價和折舊方法;無形資產計價及攤銷政策;長期待攤費用的攤銷政策;所得稅的會計處理方法等。
第十三條 商業銀行應在會計報表附註中說明重要會計政策和會計估計的變更;或有事項和資產負債表日後事項;重要資產轉讓及其出售。
第十四條 商業銀行應在會計報表附註中披露關聯方交易的總量及重大關聯方交易的情況。
重大關聯方交易是指交易金額在3000萬元以上或占商業銀行凈資產總額1%以上的關聯方交易。
第十五條 商業銀行應在會計報表附註中說明會計報表中重要項目的明細資料,包括:
(一) 按存放境內、境外同業披露存放同業款項;
(二) 按拆放境內、境外同業披露拆放同業款項;
(三) 按信用貸款、保證貸款、抵押貸款、質押貸款分別披露貸款的期初數、期末數;
(四) 按貸款風險分類的結果披露不良貸款的期初數、期末數;
(五) 貸款損失准備的期初數、本期計提數、本期轉回數、本期核銷數、期末數;一般准備、專項准備和特種准備應分別披露;
(六) 應收利息余額及變動情況;
(七) 按種類披露投資的期初數、期末數;
(八) 按境內、境外同業披露同業拆入款項;
(九) 應付利息計提方法、余額及變動情況;
(十) 銀行承兌匯票、對外擔保、融資保函、非融資保函、貸款承諾、開出即期信用證、開出遠期信用證、金融期貨、金融期權等表外項目,包括上述項目的年末余額及其他具體情況;
(十一) 其他重要項目。
第十六條 商業銀行應在會計報表附註中披露資本充足狀況,包括風險資產總額、資本凈額的數量和結構、核心資本充足率、資本充足率。
第十七條 商業銀行應披露會計師事務所出具的審計報告。
第十八條 財務情況說明書應當對本行經營的基本情況、利潤實現和分配情況以及對本行財務狀況、經營成果有重大影響的其他事項進行說明。
第十九條 商業銀行應披露下列各類風險和風險管理情況:
(一) 信用風險狀況。商業銀行應披露信用風險管理、信用風險暴露、信貸質量和收益的情況,包括產生信用風險的業務活動、信用風險管理和控制政策、信用風險管理的組織結構和職責劃分、資產風險分類的程序和方法、信用風險分布情況、信用風險集中程度、逾期貸款的賬齡分析、貸款重組、資產收益率等情況。
(二) 流動性風險狀況。商業銀行應披露能反映其流動性狀況的有關指標,分析影響流動性的因素,說明本行流動性管理策略。
(三) 市場風險狀況。商業銀行應披露因市場匯率、利率變動而產生的風險,分析匯率、利率的變化對銀行盈利能力和財務狀況的影響,說明本行的市場風險管理策略。
(四) 操作風險狀況。商業銀行應披露由於內部程序、人員、系統的不完善或失誤,或外部事件造成的風險,並對本行內部控制制度的完整性、合理性和有效性作出說明。
(五) 其他風險狀況。其他可能對本行造成嚴重不利影響的風險因素。
第二十條 商業銀行應披露下列公司治理信息:
(一) 年度內召開股東大會情況;
(二) 董事會的構成及其工作情況;
(三) 監事會的構成及其工作情況;
(四) 高級管理層成員構成及其基本情況;
(五) 銀行部門與分支機構設置情況。
第二十一條 商業銀行披露的本行年度重要事項,至少應包括下列內容:
(一) 最大十名股東名稱及報告期內變動情況;
(二) 增加或減少注冊資本、分立合並事項;
(三) 其他有必要讓公眾了解的重要信息。
第二十二條 外國銀行分行的信息由主報告行匯總後披露。
外國銀行分行無須披露本辦法規定的僅適用於法人機構的信息。
外國銀行分行應將其總行所披露信息摘要譯成中文後披露。
第二十三條 商業銀行無須披露非關鍵性項目。但若遺漏或誤報某個項目或信息會改變或影響信息使用者的評估或判斷時,商業銀行應將該項目視為關鍵性項目予以披露。

第三章 信息披露的管理
第二十四條 商業銀行應將信息披露的內容以中文編製成年度報告,於每個會計年度終了後的四個月內披露。因特殊原因不能按時披露的,應至少提前十五日向中國人民銀行申請延遲。
第二十五條 商業銀行應將年度報告在公布前報送中國人民銀行。
第二十六條 商業銀行應確保股東及相關利益人能及時獲取年度報告。
商業銀行應將年度報告置放在商業銀行的主要營業場所,確保公眾能方便、及時地查閱。中國人民銀行鼓勵商業銀行通過媒體向公眾披露年度報告的主要信息。
第二十七條 商業銀行董事會負責本行的信息披露。未設立董事會的,由行長(單位主要負責人)負責。
商業銀行的董事會、行長(單位主要負責人)應當保證所披露的信息真實、准確、完整,並就其保證承擔相應的法律責任。
第二十八條 對在信息披露中提供虛假的或者隱瞞重要事實的財務會計報告的商業銀行及有關責任人員,按照《金融違法行為處罰辦法》予以處理。
對出具虛假審計報告的會計師事務所及有關責任人員,按照《會計師事務所從事金融相關審計業務暫行辦法》予以處理。

第四章 附 則
第二十九條 資產總額低於10億元人民幣或存款余額低於5億元人民幣的商業銀行,可免於披露信息。中國人民銀行鼓勵此類商業銀行按照本辦法規定披露信息。
第三十條 本辦法由中國人民銀行負責解釋。
第三十一條 本辦法自公布之日起在除城市商業銀行以外的商業銀行范圍內施行。
城市商業銀行自2003年1月1日起到2006年1月1日分步施行本辦法。

4. 關於商業銀行信用風險管理的英文文章 兩篇

Interim Measures on Information Disclosure of Commercial Banks

Order No.6 of the People's Bank of China
May 15, 2002

Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1 These rules are formulated on the basis of "Law on the People's bank of China of the People's Republic of China" and "Commercial Banking Law of the People's Bank of China", which aim to strengthen market discipline of commercial banks, standardize information disclosure of commercial banks, effectively safeguard legitimate interests of depositors and other stakeholders and promote safe, sound and efficient operation of commercial banks.
Article 2 These rules are to be applied to commercial banks that are established legally within the territory of the People's Republic of China, including domestic commercial banks, wholly foreign funded banks, joint venture banks and branches of foreign banks.
Article 3 Commercial banks should disclose information according to these rules, which are the minimum requirements for commercial banks' information disclosure. While abiding by these rules, commercial banks can disclose more information than what has been required by these rules at their own discretion.
In addition to these rules, listed commercial banks should also conform to relevant information disclosure rules published by regulatory body of the securities instry.
Article 4 Information disclosure of commercial banks should be proceeded consistent with laws and regulations, the uniform domestic accounting rules and relevant rules of the PBC.
Article 5 Commercial banks should disclose information in a standardized fashion, while ensuring authenticity, accuracy, integrity and comparability.
Article 6 Annual financial statements disclosed by commercial banks should be subject to auditing by accounting firms that are certified to be engaged in finance-related auditing.
Article 7 The People's Bank of China is to supervise commercial banks' information disclosure according to relevant laws and regulations.

Chapter II Information to be Disclosed
Article 8 Commercial banks should disclose financial statements, and information on risk management, corporate governance and big events of the year according to these rules.
Article 9 Commercial banks' financial statements should include accounting report, annex and notes to this report and description of financial position.
Article 10 Accounting report disclosed by commercial banks should include balance sheet, statement of income (profit and loss account), statement of owner's equity and other additional charts.
Article 11 Commercial banks should indicate inconsistence between the basis of preparation and the basic preconditions of accounting in their notes to the accounting report.
Article 12 Commercial banks should explain in their notes to the accounting report the important policy of accounting and accounting estimates, including: Accounting standards, accounting year, reporting currency, accounting basis and valuation principles; Type and scope of loans; Accounting rules for investment; Scope and method of provisions against asset losses; Principle and method of income recognition; Valuation method for financial derivatives; Conversion method for foreign currency business and accounting report; Preparation method for consolidated accounting report; Valuation and depreciation method for fixed assets; Valuation method and amortization policy for intangible assets; Amortization policy for long-term deferred expenses; Accounting practice for income tax.
Article 13 Commercial banks should indicate in their notes to the accounting report crucial changes of accounting policy and estimates, contingent items and post-balance sheet items, transfer and sale of important assets.
Article 14 Commercial banks should indicate in their annex and notes to the accounting report the total volume of related party transactions and major related party transactions. Major related party transactions refer to those with trading volume exceeding 30 million yuan or 1% of total net assets of the commercial bank.
Article 15 Commercial banks should indicate in their notes to the accounting report detailed breakdown of key categories in the accounting report, including:
(1) Due from banks by the breakdown of domestic and overseas markets.
(2) Interbank lending by the breakdown of domestic and overseas markets.
(3) Outstanding balance of loans at the beginning and the end of the accounting year by the breakdown of credibility loans, committed loans, collateralized loans and pledged loans.
(4) Non-performing loans at the beginning and end of the accounting year resulted from the risk-based loan classification.
(5) Provisions for loan losses at the beginning and the end of the accounting year, new provisions, returned provisions and write-offs in the accounting year. General provisions, specific provisions and special provisions should be disclosed separately.
(6) Outstanding balance and changes of interest receivables.
(7) Investment at the beginning and the end of the accounting year by instruments.
(8) Interbank borrowing in domestic and overseas markets.
(9) Calculation, outstanding balance and changes of interest payables.
(10) Year-end outstanding balance and other details of off-balance sheet categories, including bank acceptance bills, external guarantees, letters of guarantee for financing purposes, letters of guarantee for non-financing purposes, loan commitments, letters of credit (spot), letters of credit (forward), financial futures, financial options, etc.
(11) Other key categories.
Article 16 Commercial banks should disclose in their notes to the accounting report status of capital adequacy, including total value of risk assets, amount and structure of net capital, core capital adequacy ratio and capital adequacy ratio.
Article 17 Commercial banks should disclose auditing report provided by the appointed accounting firms.
Article 18 Description of financial position should cover the general performance of the bank, generation and distribution of profit and other events that have substantial impact on financial position and performance of the bank.
Article 19 Commercial banks should disclose following risks and risk management details:
(1) Credit risk. Commercial banks should disclose status of credit risk management, credit exposure, credit quality and earnings, including business operations that generate credit risks, policy of credit risk management and control, organizational structure and division of labor in credit risk management, procere and methods of classification of asset risks, distribution and concentration of credit risks, maturity analysis of over-e loans, restructuring of loans and return of assets.
(2) Liquidity risk. Commercial banks should disclose relevant parameters that can represent their status of liquidity, analyze factors affecting liquidity and indicate their strategy of liquidity management.
(3) Market risk. Commercial banks should disclose risks brought by changes of interest rates and exchange rate on the market, analyzing impacts of such changes on profitability and financial positions of the bank and indicating their strategy of market risk management.
(4) Operation risk. Commercial banks should disclose risks brought by flaws and mistakes of internal proceres, staff and system or by external shocks and indicate the integrity, rationality and effectiveness of their internal control mechanism.
(5) Other risks. Other risks that may bring severe negative impact to the bank.
Article 20 Commercial banks should disclose following information on corporate governance:
(1) Shareholders' meeting ring the year.
(2) Members of the board of directors and its work performance.
(3) Members of the board of supervisors and its work performance.
(4) Members of the senior management and their profiles.
(5) Layout of branches and function departments.
Article 21 Chronicle of events disclosed by commercial banks in the year should at least include the following contents:
(1) Names of the ten biggest shareholders and changes ring the year.
(2) Increase or decrease of registered capital, splitting up and merger.
(3) Other important information that is necessary for the general public to know.
Article 22 Information of foreign bank branches is to be collected and disclosed by the primary reporting branch.
Foreign bank branches don't need to disclose information that is only mandated and required for disclosure by institutions with legal person status.
Foreign bank branches should translate into Chinese and disclose the summary of information disclosed by their head offices.
Article 23 Commercial banks need not disclose information of unimportant categories. However, if the omission or misreporting of certain categories or information may change or affect the assessment or judge of the information users, commercial banks should regarded the categories as key information categories and disclose them.

Chapter III Management of Information Disclosure
Article 24 Commercial banks should prepare in Chinese their annual reports with all the information to be disclosed and publish them within 4 month after the end of each accounting year. If they are not able to disclose such information on time e to special factors, they should apply to the People's Bank of China for delay of disclosure at least 15 days in advance.
Article 25 Commercial banks should submit their annual reports to the People's Bank of China prior to disclosure.
Article 26 Commercial banks should make sure that their shareholders and stakeholders could obtain the annual reports on a timely basis.
Commercial banks should put their annual reports in their major operation venue, so as to ensure such reports are readily available for the general public to read and check. The PBC encourage commercial banks to disclose main contents of their annual reports to the public through media.
Article 27 Boards of directors in commercial banks are responsible for the information disclosure. If there is no board of directors in the bank, the president (head) of the bank should assume such a responsibility.
Boards of directors and presidents (heads) of commercial banks should ensure the authenticity, accuracy and integrity of the disclosed information and take legal responsibility for their commitments.
Article 28 Commercial banks and their involved staff that provide financial statements with false information or concealing important facts should be punished according to the " Rules on Punishment of Financial Irregularities".
Accounting firms and involved staff that provide false auditing report should be punished according to the "Interim Measures on Finance-related Auditing Business by Accounting Firms".

Chapter IV Supplementary Provisions
Article 29 Commercial banks with total assets below RMB 1 billion or with total deposits below RMB 500 million are exempted from the compulsory information disclosure. However, the People's Bank of China encourages such commercial banks to disclose information according to these rules.
Article 30 The People's Bank of China is responsible for the interpretation of these rules.
Article 31 These rules shall enter into force as of the date of promulgation and are to be applied to all commercial banks except city commercial banks.
City commercial banks should adopt these rules graally from January 1, 2003 to January 1, 2006.

中國人民銀行令[2002]第6號
2002年5月15日

第一章 總 則
第一條 為加強商業銀行的市場約束,規范商業銀行的信息披露行為,有效維護存款人和相關利益人的合法權益,促進商業銀行安全、穩健、高效運行,依據《中華人民共和國中國人民銀行法》、《中華人民共和國商業銀行法》等法律法規,制定本辦法。
第二條 本辦法適用於在中華人民共和國境內依法設立的商業銀行,包括中資商業銀行、外資獨資銀行、中外合資銀行、外國銀行分行。
第三條 商業銀行應按照本辦法規定披露信息。本辦法規定為商業銀行信息披露的最低要求。商業銀行可在遵守本辦法規定基礎上自行決定披露更多信息。
上市商業銀行除應遵守本辦法規定披露信息外,還應遵守證券監督管理機關有關信息披露的規定。
第四條 商業銀行披露信息應當遵守法律法規、國家統一的會計制度和中國人民銀行的有關規定。
第五條 商業銀行應遵循真實性、准確性、完整性和可比性的原則,規范地披露信息。
第六條 商業銀行披露的年度財務會計報告須經獲准從事金融相關審計業務的會計師事務所審計。
第七條 中國人民銀行根據有關法律法規對商業銀行的信息披露進行監督。

第二章 信息披露的內容
第八條 商業銀行應按照本辦法規定披露財務會計報告、各類風險管理狀況、公司治理、年度重大事項等信息。
第九條 商業銀行財務會計報告由會計報表、會計報表附註和財務情況說明書組成。
第十條 商業銀行披露的會計報表應包括資產負債表、利潤表(損益表)、所有者權益變動表及其他有關附表。
第十一條 商業銀行應在會計報表附註中說明會計報表編制基礎不符合會計核算基本前提的情況。
第十二條 商業銀行應在會計報表附註中說明本行的重要會計政策和會計估計,包括:會計報表編制所依據的會計准則、會計年度、記賬本位幣、記賬基礎和計價原則;貸款的種類和范圍;投資核算方法;計提各項資產減值准備的范圍和方法;收入確認原則和方法;衍生金融工具的計價方法;外幣業務和報表折算方法;合並會計報表的編制方法;固定資產計價和折舊方法;無形資產計價及攤銷政策;長期待攤費用的攤銷政策;所得稅的會計處理方法等。
第十三條 商業銀行應在會計報表附註中說明重要會計政策和會計估計的變更;或有事項和資產負債表日後事項;重要資產轉讓及其出售。
第十四條 商業銀行應在會計報表附註中披露關聯方交易的總量及重大關聯方交易的情況。
重大關聯方交易是指交易金額在3000萬元以上或占商業銀行凈資產總額1%以上的關聯方交易。
第十五條 商業銀行應在會計報表附註中說明會計報表中重要項目的明細資料,包括:
(一) 按存放境內、境外同業披露存放同業款項;
(二) 按拆放境內、境外同業披露拆放同業款項;
(三) 按信用貸款、保證貸款、抵押貸款、質押貸款分別披露貸款的期初數、期末數;
(四) 按貸款風險分類的結果披露不良貸款的期初數、期末數;
(五) 貸款損失准備的期初數、本期計提數、本期轉回數、本期核銷數、期末數;一般准備、專項准備和特種准備應分別披露;
(六) 應收利息余額及變動情況;
(七) 按種類披露投資的期初數、期末數;
(八) 按境內、境外同業披露同業拆入款項;
(九) 應付利息計提方法、余額及變動情況;
(十) 銀行承兌匯票、對外擔保、融資保函、非融資保函、貸款承諾、開出即期信用證、開出遠期信用證、金融期貨、金融期權等表外項目,包括上述項目的年末余額及其他具體情況;
(十一) 其他重要項目。
第十六條 商業銀行應在會計報表附註中披露資本充足狀況,包括風險資產總額、資本凈額的數量和結構、核心資本充足率、資本充足率。
第十七條 商業銀行應披露會計師事務所出具的審計報告。
第十八條 財務情況說明書應當對本行經營的基本情況、利潤實現和分配情況以及對本行財務狀況、經營成果有重大影響的其他事項進行說明。
第十九條 商業銀行應披露下列各類風險和風險管理情況:
(一) 信用風險狀況。商業銀行應披露信用風險管理、信用風險暴露、信貸質量和收益的情況,包括產生信用風險的業務活動、信用風險管理和控制政策、信用風險管理的組織結構和職責劃分、資產風險分類的程序和方法、信用風險分布情況、信用風險集中程度、逾期貸款的賬齡分析、貸款重組、資產收益率等情況。
(二) 流動性風險狀況。商業銀行應披露能反映其流動性狀況的有關指標,分析影響流動性的因素,說明本行流動性管理策略。
(三) 市場風險狀況。商業銀行應披露因市場匯率、利率變動而產生的風險,分析匯率、利率的變化對銀行盈利能力和財務狀況的影響,說明本行的市場風險管理策略。
(四) 操作風險狀況。商業銀行應披露由於內部程序、人員、系統的不完善或失誤,或外部事件造成的風險,並對本行內部控制制度的完整性、合理性和有效性作出說明。
(五) 其他風險狀況。其他可能對本行造成嚴重不利影響的風險因素。
第二十條 商業銀行應披露下列公司治理信息:
(一) 年度內召開股東大會情況;
(二) 董事會的構成及其工作情況;
(三) 監事會的構成及其工作情況;
(四) 高級管理層成員構成及其基本情況;
(五) 銀行部門與分支機構設置情況。
第二十一條 商業銀行披露的本行年度重要事項,至少應包括下列內容:
(一) 最大十名股東名稱及報告期內變動情況;
(二) 增加或減少注冊資本、分立合並事項;
(三) 其他有必要讓公眾了解的重要信息。
第二十二條 外國銀行分行的信息由主報告行匯總後披露。
外國銀行分行無須披露本辦法規定的僅適用於法人機構的信息。
外國銀行分行應將其總行所披露信息摘要譯成中文後披露。
第二十三條 商業銀行無須披露非關鍵性項目。但若遺漏或誤報某個項目或信息會改變或影響信息使用者的評估或判斷時,商業銀行應將該項目視為關鍵性項目予以披露。

第三章 信息披露的管理
第二十四條 商業銀行應將信息披露的內容以中文編製成年度報告,於每個會計年度終了後的四個月內披露。因特殊原因不能按時披露的,應至少提前十五日向中國人民銀行申請延遲。
第二十五條 商業銀行應將年度報告在公布前報送中國人民銀行。
第二十六條 商業銀行應確保股東及相關利益人能及時獲取年度報告。
商業銀行應將年度報告置放在商業銀行的主要營業場所,確保公眾能方便、及時地查閱。中國人民銀行鼓勵商業銀行通過媒體向公眾披露年度報告的主要信息。
第二十七條 商業銀行董事會負責本行的信息披露。未設立董事會的,由行長(單位主要負責人)負責。
商業銀行的董事會、行長(單位主要負責人)應當保證所披露的信息真實、准確、完整,並就其保證承擔相應的法律責任。
第二十八條 對在信息披露中提供虛假的或者隱瞞重要事實的財務會計報告的商業銀行及有關責任人員,按照《金融違法行為處罰辦法》予以處理。
對出具虛假審計報告的會計師事務所及有關責任人員,按照《會計師事務所從事金融相關審計業務暫行辦法》予以處理。

第四章 附 則
第二十九條 資產總額低於10億元人民幣或存款余額低於5億元人民幣的商業銀行,可免於披露信息。中國人民銀行鼓勵此類商業銀行按照本辦法規定披露信息。
第三十條 本辦法由中國人民銀行負責解釋。
第三十一條 本辦法自公布之日起在除城市商業銀行以外的商業銀行范圍內施行。
城市商業銀行自2003年1月1日起到2006年1月1日分步施行本辦法。

只有一篇

5. 急求商業銀行不良貸款問題方面的英文文獻 最好是pdf格式的 用於畢業論文文獻翻譯

我知道真像了 我自己再找了

6. 地方商業銀行不良貸款風險成因

地方商業銀行不良貸款的風險主要形成原因就是地方在放貸的時候,它的審核是不那麼嚴格的。還有好多是靠人情關系來做的,總之就造成了最後不良貸款的形成。

7. 我國商業銀行不良貸款形成原因及解決途徑——以農行為例 誰能幫幫我

一.我國國有銀行不良貸款的產生原因
銀行不良資產產生的原因除了部分國有企業不能適應市場經濟的要求,經營和財務管理遇到困難以外還可以分為外部經濟環境和商業銀行內部的因素。
第一.外部經濟環境為不良信貸資產的產生提供了賴以生存的條件。
1.市場機制的不健全扭曲了政府、企業、民眾的經濟行為。在計劃經濟向市場經濟轉型的過程中,地方政府或多或少地充當了同國有商業銀行信貸資金的調解人,過多干預銀行事務,從而變相誤導了銀行的經營作為,扭曲了部分貸款的合理投和向。同時由於我國市場經濟基礎薄弱,市場機制不夠健全,政府、企業和民眾對商業銀行經營行為商業化、貸款市場化、交易的誠信原則不能很好理解和貫徹,從而形成的經濟、金融、法律、社會和民事環境,銀行的權益受到傷害,不良貸款日積月累,積重難返。
2.一些國有企業資本金嚴重不足,銀行貸款被用作鋪底資金。企業在生產經營過程中需要佔用的資金是不等量的,其最低額是企業必須經常佔用,在需在資金最少的時候也不會空閑出來,這種最低限額的鋪底資金,應該使用資本金,而不宜使用銀行貸款,使用了貸款就無法歸還。改革開放以來,財政安排的經濟建設資金絕大部分用於基本建設方面,老企業需要增加的流動資金幾乎完全依靠向銀行貸款,甚至於有的新企業基本上是使用銀行貸款建成的 。這就使得一些國有企業負債過高,大量銀行貸款無法到期收回。
3.信用觀念的扭曲。由於企業拖欠貸款的現象存在多年,而且大多數拖欠者都沒有受到利益的損害,有些甚至還得到了好處,天長日久就使得人們的信用觀念轉變、扭曲、顛倒,加之少數地方政府和主管部門維護社會信用不力,默許一些國有企業把自己的損失轉嫁給國有商業銀行,而國有商業銀行在一定程度上也存在不正確的觀念,對貸款能否及時收回注意不夠,對到期的貸款催收的工作也抓得不緊,這些都嚴重損害了銀行的利益,致使銀行的不良貸款加重。
第二.國有商業銀行內部因素對不良貸款的增加和膨脹起到了推波助瀾的作用。
1.貸款管理機制落後,自我約束力不夠。近十幾年來,國有商業銀行的業務發展突飛猛進,但不容忽視的是,在貸款管理上存在著重數量規模,輕質量效益的粗放經營傾向,重貸輕管,重放輕收,跟蹤不到位,約束力不夠,特別是違規操作比較多。可以說貸款管理機制的落後、管理環節上的薄弱是不良貸款產生的一個根本原因。
2.貸款風險監測機制不健全。認為信貸管理重物不重人,缺乏對企業法人或經營主管的品質、素質和個性等方面的綜合考慮:信貸風險監測制度不完備,限於風險貸款的統計工作,缺乏貸前、 貸中和貸後環節的風險評估,不能做到及時掌握貸款企業的資產、負債、盈虧情況的變化:預警機制沒有建立,很大程度上不能有效監測信貸風險。
3. 防範和化解不良信貸資產,對國有商業銀行來說是一項艱巨而又復雜的系統工程,必須眼睛向內,找准突破口,多管齊下,標本兼治,更新觀念,把不良信貸資產提升到一種可挖掘利用資源的高度加以認識。
二.國有商業銀行不良貸款的存在帶來的後果
2006年外資銀行在中國正式享受國民待遇,國有商業銀行將面臨外資銀行的激烈競爭。如果不良貸款比例不降下來的話,銀行的經營效益首先會受到嚴重的影響。不良貸款的貸款利息難以收回,銀行還須支付儲戶存款的利息,另一方面,銀行大量的資產沉澱在不良貸款上,銀行資產的流動性大大地降低,影響銀行的經營效益。隨著銀行商業化進程加快。銀行的政府色彩將會越來越淡,銀行要憑自身在社會上的信譽,靠銀行的經營效益和服務質量來蠃得客戶,如果不良貸款的比例高而效益下降,銀行就會難以生存,將會在和外資銀行的競爭中處於不利地位。
1.不良貸款的存在不利於銀行業及國民經濟的持續健康發展。銀行發放貸款的資金主要來自存款,不良資產過多,許多貸款無法收回或不能按期收回,就有無法支付到期存款、發生存款支付危機的可能。我國商業銀行現在存款支付沒有發生問題是因為有多年來形成的良好信譽,加之有國家作為其強大後盾,能吸收到大量新的存款,可以利用新存款支付老存款。如果情況發生變化,某家銀行的新存款減少,老存款的支付就可能出現困難。如果國有商業銀行出現支付困難,則我國銀行甚至於整個國民經濟就可以出現動盪。
2.不良貸款的存在會助長企業互相拖欠貸款,使社會信用惡化。企業相互拖欠貸款和國有企業拖欠國有銀行貸款,是當前社會信用惡化的兩種主要表現,而且它們的根源是相通的、互為因果的。企業相互拖欠,銷貨企業不能及時收回銷貨款,歸還銀行到期貸款,銀行的不良資產就會增加。反之,銀行不良資產增加,等於接受了被拖欠企業轉嫁過來的損失,減輕對企業催收貸款的促進和推動力度,等於銀行放縱和助長了企業相互拖欠貸款。因此,只有採取堅決措施解決企業拖欠銀行貸款問題,才能促進和推動企業間清理貸款拖欠,使整個社會信用狀況得到了改善。
3.不良貸款的存在損害了銀行和經濟的發展。經濟要加快發展,必須要有相應的信貸支持。如果銀行的不良資產越來越多,則銀行不僅要用於貸款的資金減少,而且不敢放手發放信貸,從而對經濟發展造成不利的影響。銀行不良資產的增加,對銀行業務的發展危害也很大。一些國有企業信用狀況不好,主要表現為對國有企業和國有銀行不守信用,而對外資銀行卻是守信的。加入WTO後,我國同外資銀行的競爭加劇,外資銀行必然千方百計地同我國商業銀行爭業務。如不採取有效措施,整頓國有銀行同國有企業的借貸關系,徹底消除企業拖欠銀行貸款的 現象,則我國商業銀行將會在競爭中處於不利地位。
4.不良貸款的存在使銀行改革無法進一步深入。我國商業銀行改革的方向是四家國有商業銀行逐步實現股份制,已實行股份制並具備上市條件的其他商業銀行逐步實行股票上市。實行股份制和股票上市需要增加透明度,公開資產負債和財務狀況,達到有關標准。如果不能把不良資產降下來,就達不到上市標准,就不可能上市,即使上市了,股票的出售也將成為問題,這就會推遲我國銀行業的改革進程。
加入世界貿易組織後,銀行業的競爭更加激烈。為了迎接競爭,把我國商業銀行建設成世界一流的銀行,就必須採取堅決措施,解決商業銀行特別是國有商業銀行不良資產過多的問題,如不盡快解決,將帶來一系列嚴重後果。

三.運作盤活不良貸款的方式方法
要充分應用市場和法律手段,採取多種形式消化不良資產,通過落實債權,建立不良資產垡回收責任制,依法處置貸款抵押品及垡企業資產,出售債權或更換債務人,資產證券化,減免貸款本息及核銷等方式,盤活不良資產。
1.銀行自身成立專門機構或指定專人催收,加大對不良資產的沖銷力度。銀行應成立專門機構,調集專人催收,對主動想辦法歸還拖欠貸款的企業,應積極給予其所需的新的貸款的支持,以鼓勵形成良好的社會信用風氣。對已無收回可能的不良資產,用各種方法沖銷,適當提取呆帳准備金,增大沖銷力度。
2.國有企業可實行股份制改革。國有企業銀實行股份制的改革,建立適應市場經濟需要的企業經營機制,公開發行股票在,用所得資金沖銷不良資產,償還銀行貸款,還可以使企業增加資本金,降低負債率。
3.在企業、銀行界和全社會開展遵守信用的學習和教育活動。應 採取有效措施,使破壞信用的企業借不到款,打擊逃債賴債,破壞信用的行為。對情節嚴重的逃債賴債行為,依法辦理,並形成聲勢,給意欲破壞信用者以震懾。
4.國有商業銀行應逐步實行股份制。國有商業銀行應變成真正經營貨幣的企業,實行自主經營,不再承擔政策性貸款的業務,實行政企分開,建立健全股東監督制度,以提高新增貸款的質量。
5.對不良貸款進行分層處理,對現有的不良資產不能簡單粗放地處理,而要細化分類,對不同類型、不同等級的不良資產在採取措施時要因地制宜,找准突破口,
6.調整信貸結構,對不良資產增加審查環節。對不良貸款單純地圍追堵截,終究是亡羊補牢的措施,應增大對新增貸款客戶的營銷、評估、預警、審批、貸後管理。回收監測、中間業務服務等各個環節的管理,確保注入的貸款是安全、有效的。
7.建立激勵約束機制,約束人的行為。權力和責任永遠是相伴相隨的,構建講效果和節約的市場經濟的貸款營銷理念,責任到人,逐級考核,合理獎懲。建立和完善信貸經營管理體制,形成審批。經營。風險控制相互制約,權、責、利相結合,分級管理。分級經營的新型信貸經營管理體制,實行審批個人負責制,使權責統一。

四.借鑒美國如何處理銀行不良資產的方法
我國商業銀行大量不良資產的存大大增加了我國的金融風險,因此探索處理商業銀行不良資產的有效方法,對於盡快處理我國商業銀行的不良資產具有非常重大的現實意義。
1.美國政府機構處理商業銀行不良資產採取的措施。面對日益深化的銀行業危機,美國政府部門採取了包括收購和接管、存款清償以及營業銀行救援三種方式。美國政府依靠公開拍賣和暗盤競標的方式 ,將其接管的大批破產商業銀行的資產(貸款和不動產)出售給了民間企業,並與民間投資者共同組成合資公司,美國政府作為有限公司的合資者,以其所持有的破產金融機構的資產作為股本投入,並負責安排融資:民間投資者則作為一般合資人注入現金股本,並提供資產管理服務。另外美國政府還通過簽訂資產管理合同和資產證券化的方式,成功地處置了商業銀行的大量不良資產。
2.美國商業銀行處理不良資產的措施。在銀行業危機中,美國一些大銀行內部也產生了大量不良資產問題,它們依靠自身的力量解決了這些不良資產,擺脫了困境。
提取壞帳准備金。壞帳准備金的足額提取增強了銀行消除貸款損失和抵禦風險的能力。
調整債權結構。根據貸款出現的問題的原因和程度,銀行與債權人重新協議商業銀行貸款條件,或減免利息,或延長貸款期限,或追加擔保和資產抵押,以盡量增加項目的潛在價值,提高商業銀行的優先清償地位。
通過法律手段。商業銀行通過法律手段,取得貸款抵押物的所有權,並以資產拍賣收入償付貸款損失。
好銀行加壞銀行模式。將母銀行的不良資產按公平市價連同已經分配好的儲備一並轉讓給一家單獨成立的子公司,母銀行由於轉讓了不良資產而成為資產優良、資產充足的好銀行,而子公司由於接受了不良資產而成為壞銀行。
3.美國處理不良資產的經驗對我國的啟示。首先是政府機構的主導作用。美國機構從全國性和制度性的角度出發,在處理商業銀行不良資產的過程中發揮了主導作用,加快了處理商業銀行不良資產的步伐,大大減弱了銀行倒閉給社會經濟帶來的動盪。改善了銀行的經營環境,增強了銀行處理不良資產的能力。
其次是建立了完備的法律體系,為迅速處理商業銀行不良資產提供了法律上的支持和保障。
再次是及時地解決。面以嚴重的銀行業危機,美國政府採取措施,及時對商業銀行進行解決,處理得及時,效果明顯,還創造出新的處理措施使不良資產得到很好的解決。
這些富於創新的措施和手段為商業銀行不良資產的處理提供了新的思路和市場,在追求不良資產處理速度的同時,又能最大限度地節約成本,對於新的措施可以對我國處理不良資產的措施帶來一些新的方向和解決途徑。